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Black Family Pledge by Maya Angelou Date Published

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Maya Angelou
200
The groundbreaking of the African Burial Footing, Oct 5, 2007
Born April 4 1928(1928-04-04)
Saint Louis, Missouri
Died May 28 2014 (aged 86)
Winston-Salem, North Carolina, U.S.
Occupation Poet, dancer, producer, playwright, director, writer
Nationality United States
Official website

Maya Angelou (IPA: /ˈmaɪə ˈændʒəloʊ/), (born Marguerite Johnson, April 4, 1928 – May 28, 2014) was an American poet, memoirist, extra and an important figure in the American Civil Rights Motility. Angelou is known for her series of half-dozen autobiographies, starting with I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, (1969) which was nominated for a National Book Award and called her magnum opus. Her volume of poetry, Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water 'Fore I Diiie (1971) was nominated for the Pulitzer Prize.

Angelou recited her poem, "On the Pulse of Forenoon" at President Pecker Clinton's inauguration in 1993, the showtime poet to make an inaugural recitation since Robert Frost at John F. Kennedy's inauguration in 1961. She was highly honored for her torso of work, including being awarded over xxx honorary degrees.

Contents

  • 1 Biography
    • i.1 Early on years
    • one.ii Machismo and early career
    • i.3 Later career
  • 2 Themes in Angelou'south autobiographies
    • two.ane Autobiography vs. autobiographical fiction
    • 2.two Identity
    • 2.3 Racism
  • iii Writing style
  • iv Honors and Legacy
  • 5 Works
    • 5.ane Literature
      • five.1.1 Autobiographies
      • 5.1.2 Poetry
      • 5.1.3 Essays
      • 5.ane.iv Children's books
      • 5.ane.5 Plays
      • 5.1.6 Screenplays
        • 5.1.6.one Films
        • 5.i.6.ii Tv set
    • 5.ii Directing
    • 5.iii Acting
      • 5.3.1 Films and plays
      • v.three.2 Tv set appearances
    • five.4 Radio
    • 5.5 Recordings
      • 5.5.1 Scores
      • 5.5.2 Spoken word albums
  • half dozen Notes
  • 7 References
  • 8 External links
  • 9 Credits

Angelou'due south offset volume, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sing, describes her early on life and her feel of against racism, a key feature of her work. She used the caged bird every bit a metaphor for the imprisoning nature of racial discrimination on her life.

Biography

Early on years

Maya Angelou was born Marguerite Johnson in St. Louis, Missouri, on Apr four, 1928 to Bailey Johnson, a doorman and naval dietitian, and Vivian Baxter Johnson, a nurse, existent manor agent, and, later on, merchant marine. Angelou's brother, Bailey, Jr., gave her the nickname "Maya."[1] Angelou'south description of the details of her life in her 6 autobiographies and in numerous interviews, speeches, and articles, tends to be inconsistent. Her biographer, Mary Jane Lupton, explains that when Angelou speaks about her life, she does then eloquently simply informally and "with no fourth dimension nautical chart in front of her."[ii]

In 2008, Angelou's family history was profiled on the PBS series African American Lives ii. A Deoxyribonucleic acid test showed that she was descended from the Mende people of West Africa.[3] The program'southward research showed that Angelou's maternal not bad-grandmother, Mary Lee, emancipated after the Civil War, cut all ties with her slave past and renamed herself "Kentucky Shannon" because "she liked how it sounded." Little was known about Lee'due south background considering she prohibited anyone from knowing about it. Angelou learned that Lee became pregnant out-of-wedlock by her former possessor, a white human named John Savin, and that he forced Lee to sign a fake statement accusing another man of being the male parent. A grand jury indicted Savin for forcing Lee to commit perjury, and despite discovering that Savin was the father, found him not guilty. Lee was sent to the Clinton County, Missouri poorhouse with her girl, who became Angelou's grandmother, Marguerite Baxter. Angelou's reaction after learning this information was, "That poor piffling black girl, physically and psychologically bruised."[4]

Angelou'south first book, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, recounts the first 17 years of her life. When Angelou was three and her brother four, their parents' "calamitous matrimony" ended, and their begetter sent them alone by railroad train to live with his female parent, Mrs. Annie Henderson, in Stamps, Arkansas.[v] Henderson prospered financially during this time, the years of the Bully Depression and World War Two, because the general store she owned sold bones commodities and considering "she fabricated wise and honest investments."[half-dozen] Iv years later, the children'southward begetter "came to Stamps without warning" and returned them to their mother's intendance in St. Louis.[seven] At age eight, Angelou was sexually abused and raped by her female parent's boyfriend, Mr. Freeman. She confessed it to her brother, who told the rest of their family unit. Mr. Freeman was jailed for one twenty-four hours but was found kicked to death iv days after his release. Angelou became mute, believing, as she has stated, "I thought if I spoke, my mouth would just consequence out something that would kill people, randomly, so it was better non to talk." She remained well-nigh mute for v years.[8]

Angelou and her brother were sent back to their grandmother in one case once more. Angelou credits a close friend in Stamps, teacher Bertha Flowers, for helping her speak once again, too equally introducing her to classic literature by authors such as Charles Dickens, William Shakespeare, Edgar Allan Poe, and James Weldon Johnson. She was introduced to blackness women artists like Frances Harper, Georgia Douglas Johnson, Anne Spencer, and Jessie Fauset.[9] When Angelou was xiii, she and her blood brother returned to live with her female parent in San Francisco, California; during World War II, she attended George Washington High Schoolhouse and studied dance and drama on a scholarship at the California Labor School. Before graduating, she worked equally the outset blackness female person streetcar conductor in San Francisco.[10] Three weeks after completing school, she gave nativity to her son, Clyde, who also became a poet.[xi] At the terminate of Angelou's tertiary autobiography, Singin' and Swingin' and Gettin' Merry Like Christmas, her son announced that he wanted to be called "Guy Johnson" and trained his friends and family to have it.[12]

Angelou'southward 2d autobiography, Gather Together in My Name, recounts her life from the age 17 to 19. Equally feminist Mary Jane Lupton states, this book "depicts a single mother's slide downwards the social ladder into poverty and crime."[13] In those years, Angelou went through a series of relationships, occupations, and cities as she attempted to raise her son without the do good of job grooming or advanced pedagogy. As Lupton states, "Nevertheless, she was able to survive through trial and error, while at the same time defining herself in terms of being a black woman."[12] Angelou learned how to perform professionally for live audiences, and exhibited a natural dancing ability and talent. A turning point in this volume occurred when a lover seduced her into becoming a prostitute and her son was kidnapped.

Machismo and early career

Angelou won a scholarship to written report trip the light fantastic with Trinidadian choreographer Pearl Primus, and married Greek sailor Tosh Angelos in 1952; the spousal relationship ended in divorce one-and-a-half years. Angelou was reluctant to acknowledge how many times she has been married, "for fear of sounding frivolous,"[xiv] although it has been at least three times.[15] Known by "Rita Johnson" upward to that indicate, she changed her name when her managers at The Purple Onion, a San Francisco night social club, strongly suggested that she adopt a "more than theatrical" name that captured the feel of her Calypso dance performances.[6] She co-created a trip the light fantastic toe team, "Al and Rita," with choreographer Alvin Ailey, who combined elements of modern trip the light fantastic toe, ballet, and West African tribal dancing.[16] She toured Europe with a production of the opera Porgy and Bess in 1954–1955, studied modernistic dance with Martha Graham, danced with Alvin Ailey on television variety shows, and recorded her offset record album, Miss Calypso, in 1957. Angelou's third autobiography, Singin' and Swingin' and Gettin' Merry Like Christmas, covered her early dancing and singing career. Ane of the themes of this book was the disharmonize she felt between her desire to be a proficient mother and exist a successful performer, a situation "very familiar to mothers with careers."[17]

By the finish of the 1950s, Angelou moved to New York City, where she acted in off-Broadway productions and met artists and writers active in the Civil Rights Motion. From 1959 to 1960, Angelou held the position of Northern Coordinator for the Southern Christian Leadership Conference at the asking of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. In the early 1960s, Angelou briefly lived with South African freedom fighter Vusumi Make, and moved with him and her son Guy to Cairo, Egypt, where she became an associate editor at the weekly paper The Arab Observer. In 1962, her human relationship with Brand ended, and she and Guy moved to Ghana. She became an banana administrator at the University of Republic of ghana'southward School of Music and Drama, was a feature editor for The African Review, acted, and wrote plays.[x]

Angelou became close friends with Malcolm 10 in Ghana and returned to America in 1964 to help him build a new civil rights organization, the Organisation of African American Unity.[18] Rex was assassinated on her birthday (April 4) in 1968. She did non celebrate her altogether for many years for that reason;[nineteen] she sent flowers to King's widow, Coretta Scott Rex, every year until Male monarch's death in 2006. Inspired past a meeting with her friend James Baldwin, cartoonist Jules Feiffer, and Feiffer's married woman Judy, she dealt with her grief by writing her beginning autobiography, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, which brought to her to international recognition and acclamation.[xx]

Afterwards career

In 1973, Angelou married Paul du Feu, an English-born carpenter and remodeler, and moved with him and her son to Sonoma, California. The years to follow were some of Angelou'southward most productive years every bit a writer and poet. She composed music for movies, wrote articles, short stories, and poetry for several magazines, continued to write autobiographies, produced plays, lectured at universities all over the land, and served on diverse committees. She appeared in a supporting role in the television receiver mini-series Roots in 1977, wrote for television, and composed songs for Roberta Flack. Her screenplay, Georgia, Georgia, was the first original script by a black woman to be produced.[21] It was during this fourth dimension, in the belatedly 1970s, that Angelou met Oprah Winfrey when Winfrey was a TV anchor in Baltimore; Angelou became Winfrey'due south friend and mentor in 1984.[22]

Angelou divorced de Feu and returned to the southern United States in 1981, where she accustomed the first lifetime Reynolds Professorship of American Studies at Wake Wood Academy in Winston-Salem, Due north Carolina. In 1993, she recited her poem, "On the Pulse of Morning" at President Neb Clinton'south inauguration, the first poet to do an inaugural recitation since Robert Frost at John F. Kennedy's inauguration in 1961.[23] In 1993, Angelou'south poems were featured in the Janet Jackson/John Singleton film Poetic Justice, in which she also made a brief appearance in the film.[24] In 2006 Angelou became a radio talk show host for the kickoff time, hosting a weekly show for XM Satellite Radio's Oprah & Friends channel. In 2007, she became the kickoff African-American woman and living poet to exist featured in the Poesy for Immature People series of books from Sterling Publishing.[25]

Angelou reciting her poem, "On the Pulse of Morning," at President Neb Clinton'south inauguration, 1993

Since the 1990s, Angelou became a busy participant in the lecture excursion. In 1993, she was making almost 80 speaking appearances a year. In 1997, over 2000 tickets were sold when she spoke at the Woman'due south Foundation in San Francisco. Her virtually mutual speaking engagements occur on college campuses, "where seating is sold out long before the actual event."[26] When Angelou spoke, she sat on a stool and entertained the audience for approximately one 60 minutes, reciting poems by retentiveness and following a flexible outline. By the early 2000s, Angelou traveled to her speaking engagements and book tours stops past tour double-decker. She "gave up flight, unless it is really vital ... not because she was afraid, but because she was fed up with the hassle of glory."[14]

In 2002, Angelou lent her name and writings to a line of products from the Hallmark Greeting Card Company.[27]

In March 2008, Angelou stated that she planned to spend role of the twelvemonth studying at the Unity Church building. In 2005 she attended a Unity Church service in Miami and decided that day to "go into a kind of religious school and report" on her 80th birthday.[28] Angelou became involved in US presidential politics in 2008 by placing her public support behind Senator Hillary Clinton for the Democratic Party presidential nominee, in spite of her friend Oprah Winfrey's support of Barack Obama.[29]

When Clinton'southward campaign concluded, Angelou put her back up behind Senator Barack Obama,[29] who went on to win the ballot and become the first African American president of the United States. She stated, "Nosotros are growing up beyond the idiocies of racism and sexism".[30] In late 2010, Angelou donated her personal papers and career memorabilia to the Schomburg Center for Inquiry in Black Culture in Harlem.[31]

Angelou died at her habitation in Winston-Salem, N Carolina, on the forenoon of May 28, 2014. She had reportedly been in bad health and had canceled several scheduled appearances.

Themes in Angelou's autobiographies

Autobiography vs. autobiographical fiction

Angelou's use of fiction-writing techniques such as dialogue, characterization, and development of theme, setting, plot, and language oftentimes result in the placement of her books into the genre of autobiographical fiction. Angelou characterizes them as autobiographies, not as fiction,[32] but as feminist scholar Maria Lauret stated, Angelou has placed herself in this genre while critiquing it.[33] Angelou also recognizes that at that place are fictional aspects to her books. Feminist scholar Mary Jane Lupton states that Angelou tends to "diverge from the conventional notion of autobiography as truth,"[34] which parallels the conventions of much of African American autobiography written during the abolitionist flow of US history, when the truth was censored out of the demand for self-protection.[34] [35]

The challenge for much of African-American literature is that its authors have had to confirm its status every bit literature earlier it could accomplish its political goals, which is why Robert Loomis, Angelou'south editor, was able to cartel her into writing Caged Bird by challenging her to write an autobiography that could exist considered "high art." When Angelou wrote Caged Bird at the stop of the 1960s, one of the necessary and accepted features of literature at the fourth dimension was "organic unity," and one of her goals was to create a book that satisfied that criteria. Angelou's autobiographies, while distinct in fashion and narration, are unified in their themes and "stretch over time and place,"[36] from Arkansas to Africa and dorsum to the US, occurring in time from the beginnings of World State of war II to the 1968 assassination of Martin Luther Rex, Jr.[36] The events in her books are episodic and crafted similar a serial of short stories, only their arrangements do not follow a strict chronology. Instead, they are placed to emphasize the themes of her books.

Identity

When I try to describe myself to God I say, "Lord, call back me? Blackness? Female? Half dozen-foot tall? The writer?" And I almost e'er become God's attention.

—Maya Angelou, 2008.[37]

Autobiographies written by women in the 1970s take been described every bit "feminist first-person narratives."[33] Angelou and other feminist writers take used the autobiography to restructure the means to write nearly women's lives in a male person-dominated social club. There is a connection between the autobiographies Angelou has written and fictional first-person narratives; they tin can exist called "fictions of subjectivity" because they employ the narrator as protagonist and "rely upon the illusion of presence in their mode of signification."[33]

According to Lauret, "the formation of female person cultural identity" is woven into Angelou's narratives, setting her upward as "a office model for Blackness women." Angelou reconstructs the Blackness woman's image throughout her autobiographies, and uses her many roles, incarnations, and identities to "signify multiple layers of oppression and personal history."[38] Lauret sees Angelou's themes of the individual's strength and ability to overcome throughout Angelou's autobiographies too.

One of the most of import themes in Angelou'south autobiographies are "kinship concerns," from the character-defining experience of her parents' abandonment to her relationships with her son, husbands, and lovers throughout all of her books.[39] African American literature scholar Dolly McPherson believes that Angelou'southward concept of family throughout her books must be understood in the light of the style in which she and her older brother were displaced past their parents at the beginning of Caged Bird.[40] Motherhood is a "prevailing theme"[10] in all of Angelou'southward autobiographies, specifically her experiences as a single mother, a daughter, and a granddaughter.[ten] Lupton believes that Angelou'southward plot structure and character development were influenced by this mother/kid motif found in the piece of work of Harlem Renaissance poet Jessie Fauset.[41]

Racism

Angelou uses the metaphor of a bird struggling to escape its cage described in Paul Laurence Dunbar'southward verse form as a "central image" throughout her series of autobiographies.[42] [xi] Like elements within the prison narrative, the caged bird represents Angelou's imprisonment from the racism inherent in Stamps, Arkansas, and her standing experiences of other forms of imprisonment, like racial discrimination, drug apply, spousal relationship, and the economic system.[43] This metaphor as well invokes the "supposed contradiction of the bird singing in the midst of its struggle."[eleven]

French author Valérie Baisnée put Angelou's autobiographies in the midst of literature written during and about the American Civil Rights movement.[44] Critic Pierre A. Walker characterized Angelou's book equally political. He emphasized that the unity of her autobiographies serves to underscore one of Angelou'due south central themes: the injustice of racism and how to fight it.[45] Walker also stated that Angelou'south biographies, kickoff with Caged Bird, consists of "a sequence of lessons well-nigh resisting racist oppression."[45] This sequence leads Angelou, as the protagonist, from "helpless rage and indignation to forms of subtle resistance, and finally to outright and active protest"[45] throughout all six of her autobiographies.

Writing way

Angelou has used the same editor throughout her writing career, Robert Loomis, an executive editor at Random House, who has been called "one of publishing's hall of fame editors."[46] She has used the same "writing ritual"[nine] for many years. She gets upwardly at five in the morning and checks into a hotel room, where the staff has been instructed to remove any pictures from the walls. She writes on legal pads while lying on the bed, with only a bottle of sherry, a deck of cards to play solitaire, Roget's Thesaurus, and the Bible, and leaves by the early afternoon. She averages 10-12 pages of cloth a mean solar day, which she edits down to three or four pages in the evening.[47]

Honors and Legacy

At the fourth dimension of her death, tributes to Angelou and condolences were paid past artists, entertainers, and world leaders, including President Barack Obama, whose sis had been named subsequently Angelou, and former President Bill Clinton.[48] [49] Harold Augenbraum, from the National Volume Foundation, said that Angelou'due south "legacy is one that all writers and readers across the world can admire and aspire to."[l]

Angelou has been honored by universities, literary organizations, regime agencies, and special interest groups. Her honors include a National Book Award nomination for I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, a Pulitzer Prize nomination for her volume of verse, But Requite Me A Cool Drinkable of H2o 'Fore I Dice, [51] a Tony Award nomination for her role in the 1973 play Look Abroad, and three Grammys for her spoken word albums.[52] In 1995, Angelou's publishing company, Bantam Books, recognized her for having the longest-running record (two years) on The New York Times Paperback Nonfiction Bestseller List.[53] She has served on 2 presidential committees,[54] and was awarded the Presidential Medal of Arts in 2000[55] and the Lincoln Medal in 2008.[56] Musician Ben Harper has honored Angelou with his song "I'll Ascent," which includes words from her poem, "And Still I Rise." She has been awarded over xxx honorary degrees.[57]

In 2011, President Barack Obama awarded her with the Medal of Freedom, the country'southward highest civilian honor.[58]

Works

Literature

Autobiographies

  • I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, 1969.
  • Gather Together in My Name, 1974.
  • Singin' and Swingin' and Gettin' Merry Like Christmas, 1976.
  • The Heart of a Woman, 1981.
  • All God's Children Demand Traveling Shoes, 1986.
  • A Song Flung Up To Heaven, 2002.
  • The Collected Autobiographies of Maya Angelou, 2004.

Poesy

  • Just Requite Me a Cool Drink of Water 'Fore I Diiie, 1971.
  • Oh Pray My Wings are Gonna Fit Me Well, 1975.
  • And Still I Rise, 1978.
  • Shaker, Why Don't You Sing, 1983.
  • Now Sheba Sings the Vocal, 1987.
  • I Shall Not Be Moved, 1990.
  • "Life doesn't frighten me," 1991
  • "On the Pulse of Morning," 1993.[59]
  • The Consummate Collected Poems of Maya Angelou, 1994.
  • Astounding Woman: Iv Poems for Women, 1995.
  • "A Dauntless and Startling Truth," 1995.
  • "From a Blackness Woman to a Black Human," 1995.
  • "Amazing Peace," 2005.
  • "Mother, a Cradle to Concord Me," 2006.
  • "Celebrations, Rituals of Peace and Prayer," 2006
  • Poetry for Immature People, 2007.

Essays

  • Lessons in Living, 1993.
  • Wouldn't Take Nothing for My Journeying Now, 1993.
  • Fifty-fifty the Stars Expect Lonesome, 1997.
  • Hallelujah! The Welcome Tabular array, 2004.
  • Mother: A Cradle to Agree Me, 2006.

Children's books

  • Mrs. Flowers: A Moment of Friendship (selection from I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings), illustrated by Etienne Delessert, 1986.
  • Life Doesn't Frighten Me (poem), edited by Sara Jane Boyers, illustrated by Jean-Michel Basquiat, 1993.
  • Soul Looks Dorsum in Wonder (with others), illustrated by Tom Feelings, 1993.
  • My Painted Business firm, My Friendly Chicken and Me, photographs by Margaret Courtney-Clarke, 1994.
  • Kofi and His Magic, photographs by Margaret Courtney-Clarke, 1996.
  • Maya's Globe serial, illustrated past Lizzy Rockwell, 2004.

Plays

  • Cabaret for Freedom (musical revue), with Godfrey Cambridge, produced at Village Gate Theatre, New York, 1960.
  • The Least of These (two-act drama), produced in Los Angeles, 1966.
  • The Best of These (drama), 1966.
  • The Clawing Inside (ii-deed drama), 1966.
  • Gettin' up Stayed on My Mind, 1967
  • Adjoa Amissah (2-act musical), 1967
  • Sophocles, Ajax (two-human activity drama), produced at Mark Taper Forum, Los Angeles, 1974.
  • And Still I Ascent (one-act musical), produced in Oakland, Calif., 1976.
  • Theatrical Vignette (one-act play), 1983.
  • Male monarch, (lyrics, with Alistair Beaton) book by Lonne Elder Three, music by Richard Blackford, produced in London, 1990.

Screenplays

Films
  • Georgia, Georgia, 1972.
  • All Day Long, 1974.
  • Poetic Justice (author of poems), 1993.
  • The Black Candle (author of poems), 2008.
Tv set
  • Black, Blues, Black (serial of x one-hour PBS programs), 1968.
  • Assignment America (series of six half-hour PBS programs), 1975.
  • The Legacy, 1976.
  • The Inheritors, 1976.
  • I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, 1979.
  • Sister, Sister, 1982.
  • Trying to Make It Home, 1988
  • Maya Angelou's America: A Journeying of the Heart (also host), 1988.
  • Brewster Place, 1990-1991.
  • Angelou on Burns, 1996.

Directing

  • All Day Long, 1974.
  • Down in the Delta, 1998.[60]
  • And Still I Rising, 1976
  • Moon on a Rainbow Shawl, 1988.

Interim

Films and plays

  • Porgy and Bess, 1954-1955.
  • Calypso Heat Moving ridge, 1957.
  • The Blacks, 1960.
  • Cabaret for Freedom (also produced), 1960.
  • Mother Backbone, 1964.
  • Medea in Hollywood, 1966.
  • Look Away, 1973.
  • Poetic Justice, 1993.
  • There Are No Children Here, 1993.
  • How to Brand an American Quilt, 1995.
  • The Journey of the August King (narrator), 1995
  • Elmo Saves Christmas (narrator), 1996
  • The Amen Corner, 1999.
  • Madea'southward Family Reunion, 2006.
  • The Black Candle (narrator), 2008.

Goggle box appearances

  • Tapestry, 1975 (play).
  • Circles, 1975 (play).
  • Roots, 1977.
  • Sis, Sister, 1982.
  • Touched By An Affections, 1995.
  • Moesha, 1999.
  • Sesame Street, 1999.[61]
  • Down in the Delta, 1999.
  • Delinquent, 2000
  • That's Then Raven, 2006

Radio

  • Talk Host, Oprah and Friends, XM Satellite Radio, launched 2006.

Recordings

Scores

  • Miss Calypso, 1957.
  • For the Love of Ivy, 1968.
  • Georgia, Georgia, 1972.
  • All Day Long, 1974.

Spoken discussion albums

  • The Poetry of Maya Angelou, 1969.
  • An Evening with Maya Angelou, 1975.
  • I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (with filmstrip and teacher'south guide), 1978.
  • Women in Business, 1981.
  • Making Magic in the World, 1988.
  • On the Pulse of Morning, 1993.
  • Wouldn't Take Nothing for My Journey Now, 1993.
  • Phenomenal Woman, 1995.
  • Been Found, 1996.
  • Celebrations, 2007.

Notes

  1. ↑ Kate Kellaway, Poet for the new America The Guardian, January 23, 1993. Retrieved May 28, 2014.
  2. ↑ Mary Jane Lupton, Maya Angelou: A disquisitional companion (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1998, ISBN 0313303258), 2.
  3. ↑ Henry L. Gates, Jr. (host), African American lives 2: The past is another country (Part iv). PBS.org, 2008. Retrieved March xv, 2008.
  4. ↑ Henry L. Gates, Jr. (host),African American lives 2: A way out of no mode (Office 2). PBS.org, 2008. Retrieved March 15, 2008.
  5. ↑ Maya Angelou, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. (New York: Random House, 1969, ISBN 0375507892), 6.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Lupton, iv.
  7. ↑ Angelou, 1969, 52.
  8. ↑ Sarah Healy, Maya Angelou Speaks to ii,000 at Arlington Theater. Daily Nexus, February 21, 2001. Retrieved May 28, 2014.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Lupton, fifteen.
  10. ↑ x.0 ten.1 10.2 10.iii Maya Angelou. Poetry Foundation. Retrieved May 28, 2014.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.two Richard Long, 35 who made a departure: Maya Angelou. Smithsonian.com, November 1, 2005. Retrieved May 28, 2014.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Lupton, half-dozen.
  13. ↑ Lupton, 120.
  14. ↑ xiv.0 14.1 Gary Younge, No give up. The Guardian, May 25, 2002. Retrieved May 28, 2014.
  15. ↑ Lupton, 13.
  16. ↑ Angelou, 1993, 95.
  17. ↑ Lupton, 7.
  18. ↑ Kira Rose, At B-School reunion, information technology'south Maya Angelou, not a CEO. The Michigan Daily, October seven, 2007. Retrieved April 5, 2009.
  19. ↑ Lawrence Van Gelder, Winfrey's Gift The New York Times, April 8, 1998. Retrieved May 28, 2014.
  20. ↑ Dinitia Smith, A career in letters, 50 years and counting. The New York Times, Jan 23, 2007. Retrieved Oct 23, 2007.
  21. ↑ African Overseas Spousal relationship, Maya Angelou: A brief biography. Retrieved May 28, 2014.
  22. ↑ Oprah Winfrey, Oprah's cut with Maya Angelou. Oprah.com. Retrieved Oct ii, 2007.
  23. ↑ Catherine S. Manegold, "An afternoon with Maya Angelou; A wordsmith at her inaugural anvil." New York Times, Jan 20, 1993. Retrieved May 28, 2014.
  24. ↑ Vincent Canby, Review/Flick: Poetic Justice; On the road to redemption. New York Times, July 23, 1993. Retrieved May 28, 2014.
  25. ↑ Maya Angelou still rises. CBS News, October 22, 2007. Retrieved May 28, 2014.
  26. ↑ Maria Lauret, Liberating literature: Feminist fiction in America (New York: Routledge, 1994, ISBN 0415065151), 26.
  27. ↑ Jeannie Williams, Maya Angelou pens her sentiments for Hallmark USA Today, Jan ten, 2002. Retrieved May 28, 2014.
  28. ↑ Hillel Italie, Maya Angelou at 80: Life is yet an adventure. Associated Press, March 29, 2008. Retrieved April 5, 2009.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.ane Bob Minzesheimer, Maya Angelou celebrates her 80 years of pain and joy USA Today, March 26, 2008. Retrieved May 28, 2014.
  30. ↑ Jennifer Parker, From King's 'I Have a Dream' to Obama Inauguration ABC News, January nineteen, 2009. Retrieved May 29, 2014.
  31. ↑ Clarence Waldron, Maya Angelou Donates Individual Collection to Schomburg Center in Harlem Jet Magazine, November 11, 2010. Retrieved May 29, 2014.
  32. ↑ Lupton, 29-30.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 Lauret, 98.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.i Lupton, 34.
  35. ↑ Sartwell, 26.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Lupton, one.
  37. ↑ Lynn Neary, At fourscore, Maya Angelou reflects on a 'glorious' life. NPR, April 6, 2008. Retrieved May 28, 2014.
  38. ↑ Lauret, 97.
  39. ↑ Lupton, 11.
  40. ↑ Dolly A. McPherson, Order out of anarchy: The autobiographical works of Maya Angelou (New York: Peter Lang Publishing, 1990, ISBN 0820411396), 14.
  41. ↑ Lupton, 49.
  42. ↑ Lupton, 38.
  43. ↑ Lupton, 38-39.
  44. ↑ Valérie Baisnée, Gendered resistance: The autobiographies of Simone de Beauvoir, Maya Angelou, Janet Frame and Marguerite Duras (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1994, ISBN 9042001097), 62.
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 45.2 Pierre A. Walker, "Racial protest, identity, words, and grade in Maya Angelou's I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings." College Literature 22 (3)(October 1995): 91-108. Retrieved May 28, 2014.
  46. ↑ Martin Arnold, Making books; Familiarity breeds content New York Times Books, Apr 12, 2001. Retrieved May 28, 2014.
  47. ↑ Ballad Sarler, "A life in the twenty-four hours of Maya Angelou." Jeffrey M. Elliot, (ed.) Conversations with Maya Angelou. (Jackson, MI: University Press, 1989. ISBN 087805362X)
  48. ↑ Alexandra Alter, Author, Poet Maya Angelou Dies The Wall Street Journal, May 28, 2014. Retrieved May 29, 2014.
  49. ↑ Maya Angelou 'the brightest calorie-free' says Barack Obama BBC News, May 28, 2014. Retrieved May 29, 2014.
  50. ↑ Colleen Jenkins and Bill Trott, U.S. author, poet Maya Angelou dies at 86 Reuters, May 28, 2014. Retrieved May 29, 2014.
  51. ↑ Homer E. Moyer, The R.A.T. Existent-world aptitude examination: Preparing yourself for leaving home (Sterling, VA: Upper-case letter Books, 2003, ISBN 1931868425), 297.
  52. ↑ Official Website of the Tony Awards Past Winners.. Retrieved October 5, 2007.
  53. ↑ Maya Angelou Official Website Biography Information. Retrieved October 24, 2007.
  54. ↑ John T. Woolley and Gerhard Peters, National Committee on the observance of International Women's Year, 1975 appointment of members and presiding officeholder of the committee. The American Presidency Project, March 28, 1977. Retrieved October 6, 2007.
  55. ↑ Sculptor, painter amid National Medal of Arts winners CNN.com, December 20, 2000. Retrieved October 12, 2007.
  56. ↑ Natasha T. Metzler, Stars perform for president at Ford'south Theatre gala Associated Printing, June 1, 2008. Retrieved June 11, 2008.
  57. ↑ Lucinda Moore, Growing Upwardly Maya Angelou. Smithsonian.com, Apr 1, 2003. Retrieved May 28, 2014.
  58. ↑ Religion Karimi, Legendary author Maya Angelou dies at age 86 CNN, May 28, 2014. Retrieved May 28, 2014.
  59. ↑ Maya Angelou, Maya Angelou'south On the Pulse of Morn. Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library. Retrieved May 28, 2014.
  60. ↑ Dana Kennedy, Vacation Films; A Poet, at lxx, ventures into the unknown. The New York Times, November 15, 1998. Retrieved May 28, 2014.
  61. ↑ Muppet Wiki Maya Angelou. Retrieved May 28, 2014.

References

ISBN links back up NWE through referral fees

  • Angelou, Maya. I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. New York: Random Firm, 1969. ISBN 0375507892.
  • Angelou, Maya Wouldn't Take Nothing for My Journey Now. New York: Random Business firm, 1993. ISBN 0394223632.
  • Baisnée, Valérie. Gendered resistance: The autobiographies of Simone de Beauvoir, Maya Angelou, Janet Frame and Marguerite Duras. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1994. ISBN 9042001097.
  • Elliot, Jeffrey M. Conversations with Maya Angelou. Jackson, MI: Academy Press, ISBN 087805362X.
  • Lauret, Maria. Liberating literature: Feminist fiction in America. New York: Routledge, 1994. ISBN 0415065151.
  • Lupton, Mary Jane. Maya Angelou: A critical companion. Westport, CT: Greenwood Printing, 1998. ISBN 0313303258.
  • McPherson, Dolly A. Guild out of chaos: The autobiographical works of Maya Angelou. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, 1990. ISBN 0820411396.
  • Moyer, Homer E. The R.A.T. existent-world aptitude test: Preparing yourself for leaving dwelling house. Sterling, VA: Capital Books, 2003. ISBN 1931868425.
  • Sartwell, Crispin. Act similar you lot know: African-American autobiography and white identity. Chicago: University of Chicago Printing, 1998. ISBN 0226735273.

External links

All links retrieved September seven, 2018.

  • Maya Angelou'due south Official website
  • Maya Angelou on Oprah
  • Maya Angelou at the Internet Pic Database

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